Inganda z'umuringa, nk'inganda nyamukuru zo mu ruganda rw’inganda n’insinga, nazo zabanye n '“ibibazo by’imbere n’ibibazo by’amahanga” mu myaka yashize.Ku ruhande rumwe, amarushanwa y'urungano agenda arushaho gukaza umurego, ku rundi ruhande, nanone abangamiwe n'abasimbuye.
Nkuko twese tubizi, umuringa numutungo wingenzi wingenzi wigihugu, ukurikije urwego rwimikoreshereze yumutungo wumuringa, ubucukuzi bwumuringa bwagaragaye mubushinwa bushobora guhaza igihugu imyaka 5 gusa.Kugeza ubu, inganda zo mu gihugu zikoresha toni zirenga miliyoni 5 z'umuringa, zirenga 60%.Kugirango ibyifuzo bikomeze, igihugu gikeneye gukoresha amadovize menshi buri mwaka kugirango bitumize umuringa, bingana na 3/5 by’umuringa.
Muburyo bukenewe bwibikorwa byinganda zidafite ingufu, amashanyarazi, imitungo itimukanwa, ubwikorezi (cyane cyane ibinyabiziga), imashini nibikoresho byamashanyarazi nimirenge nyamukuru.Mu byuma bigabanijwe, hafi 30% ya aluminium ikoreshwa mu iyubakwa ry’imitungo itimukanwa, naho 23% ikoreshwa mu gutwara abantu (ariko cyane cyane ibinyabiziga);Hafi ya 45% y'umuringa ikoreshwa mumashanyarazi na kabili;Hafi ya 6% ya gurşiyo ikoreshwa mugukata insinga;Zinc ikoreshwa kandi munzu, Ikiraro, imiyoboro, hamwe n'umuhanda wa gari ya moshi.
Icya kabiri, mu myaka yashize, ukurikije inganda zikoresha insinga n’insinga zo mu gihugu, bitewe n’igiciro kinini cy’umuringa, hamwe n’umutungo wa aluminiyumu ni mwinshi kuruta umutungo w’umuringa - Umutungo wa bauxite w’Ubushinwa uri ku rwego ruciriritse, hamwe n’ahantu 310 hakorerwa, yatanzwe mu ntara 19 (uturere).Amabuye yose yagumishijwe kuri toni miliyari 2.27, akaza ku mwanya wa karindwi ku isi - bityo rero, inganda z'umuringa nazo zagize ingaruka runaka.
Isesengura ryamarushanwa yumuringa murugo
Abashobora kwinjizwa mu nganda zogucukura umuringa ni imari shingiro y’abikorera n’ishoramari ry’amahanga, ariko igishoro cy’abikorera muri rusange gikurikirana inyungu z'igihe gito, kandi gushonga umuringa bisaba ishoramari ryambere n’ibisabwa bya tekiniki, hamwe n’amabwiriza akomeye ya leta yerekeye uburyo bwo kugera ku nganda, imbibi irazamurwa, kubuza kubaka urwego rwo hasi rwubatswe hamwe nigihe kirekire cyubwubatsi nibindi bibujijwe, igishoro cyigenga ntigishobora kwinjira mubikorwa byo gushonga umuringa murwego runini.Umuringa ni umutungo w’ibikorwa by’igihugu, ufite akamaro kanini ku mutekano w’igihugu, leta ifite amategeko abuza kwinjiza imari y’amahanga, imari y’amahanga yibanda cyane mu nganda zitunganya umuringa.Kubwibyo, muri rusange, abashobora kwinjira mu masosiyete akomeye y’umuringa ntabwo ari iterabwoba.
Kugeza ubu, inganda zo gucukura no gutunganya umuringa mu Bushinwa kuri ubu zihura n’ibigo byinshi n’inganda nto, mu mwaka wa 2012, inganda nini mu nganda zagize 5.48%, inganda ziciriritse zingana na 13.87%, inganda nto zingana na 80.65%.Muri rusange imbaraga za R&D zinganda ntizihagije, inyungu zihenze ziragenda zishira buhoro buhoro, inganda zicukura umuringa mu nganda zitunganya umuringa ku rugero runini, urwego rwo hejuru rw’isoko ry’inganda n’ubushobozi bwo gukora ibicuruzwa biciriritse n'uruhererekane rw'iterambere uko ibintu bimeze.Mu iterambere rirambye ry’inganda zitunganya umuringa mu Bushinwa, hashyizweho amatsinda menshi y’ibigo nka Jinlong, Jintian na Hailiang, kandi havutse amasosiyete menshi yashyizwe ku rutonde nka Jiangxi Copper, Tongling Nonferrous Metal na Jingcheng Copper.Amatsinda manini y’ibigo yatahuye neza guhuza no kuvugurura imishinga mito n'iciriritse, kandi inganda zicuruza mu gihugu zinjiye mu nganda zitunganya umuringa ku rugero runini.
Ibikangisho byinshi ku nganda z'umuringa
Iterambere ryinganda zumuringa naryo rihura nibindi byago.Kubera ubwiyongere bwihuse bwibikenerwa byumuringa no kubura umutungo wumuringa, igiciro cyibicuruzwa byumuringa cyabaye murwego rwo hejuru kandi gihindagurika mugihe kirekire, kandi ikiguzi cyinganda zumuringa zimanuka cyagumye hejuru, kuburyo inganda zo hasi zifite moteri yo gushaka ubundi buryo.Iyo gusimbuza ibicuruzwa byumuringa bimaze gushingwa, akenshi bigira bidasubirwaho.Nkugusimbuza fibre optique kumuringa wumuringa muruganda rwitumanaho, gusimbuza aluminium umuringa munganda zingufu, no gusimbuza igice cya aluminium umuringa murwego rwo gukonjesha.Mugihe ibindi bikoresho bikomeje kugaragara, isoko izagabanya abaguzi bakeneye umuringa.Nubwo mugihe gito, ubundi buryo ntibuzahindura ubukene bwumutungo wumuringa, kandi ikoreshwa ryibicuruzwa byumuringa bizakomeza kwaguka, ariko mugihe kirekire, icyifuzo rusange cyinganda zumuringa kibangamiye.Kurugero, mu nganda zikoresha umuringa, guteza imbere ikoranabuhanga rya "aluminium umuringa" na "aluminium umuringa usimbuye", no guteza imbere uburyo bw "urumuri mu mwiherero w’umuringa" bizagira ingaruka zikomeye ku gukenera umuringa.
Mubyukuri, kubera igiciro kinini cyumuringa, inyungu zinganda zikoresha insinga zikomeje kuba nyinshi, inganda zikoresha insinga zo murugo "umuringa hamwe na aluminium", "aluminium aho kuba umuringa" zabaye nyinshi cyane.Kandi amasosiyete amwe n'amwe afata urugero mubihugu byuburengerazuba nkurugero - Amategeko yo muri Reta zunzubumwe zamerika yo muri Amerika (NEC) Ingingo ya 310 "Ibisabwa insinga rusange" yerekana ko ibikoresho byuyobora byayobora ari umuringa, umuringa wuzuye umuringa cyangwa aluminium (alloy).Muri icyo gihe, igice cyerekana ingano ntoya ya aluminiyumu n'umuringa wambaye umuringa, insinga za aluminium (alloy), imiterere y'insinga, imiterere yo gukoresha hamwe n'ubushobozi bwo gutwara mu bihe bitandukanye - byerekana ko ibicuruzwa bya aluminiyumu bidashobora kwemeza gusa ko bihamye imikorere, ariko kandi kwishyiriraho, ubwikorezi nibindi biciro biri hasi cyane, bifite ingaruka runaka mubikorwa byumuringa.
Nubwo, kuri ubu, inganda zikoresha insinga zo mu gihugu ntizashoboye gutera imbere zijyanye n’ibisabwa ku isoko cyangwa gutoneshwa cyane n’abakoresha ibicuruzwa bya kabili “aluminium aho kuba umuringa”, ariko impamvu nyamukuru ni uko ku ruhande rumwe ubushakashatsi ku ikoranabuhanga ry’ibicuruzwa na amajyambere ntarakura, ikindi nuko abakoresha insinga zo murugo baracyari murwego rwo gutegereza-no kubona.Hamwe no gukomeza gukura kwikoranabuhanga rya "aluminium yasimbuwe n'umuringa" hamwe no gukomeza kunoza ibicuruzwa, bizagira ingaruka zikomeye ku nganda z'umuringa.
Byongeye kandi, leta yashyizeho kandi amahame menshi yo guteza imbere inganda za aluminium.Kurugero, umugozi wa aluminiyumu wambaye umuringa wubushinwa kuva mu ntangiriro yikinyejana cya 21 watangiye gutera imbere, kuri ubu Ubushinwa bwateje imbere inganda zikoresha umuringa w’umuringa wa aluminiyumu kandi umuringa w’umuringa wambaye umuringa wabaye mwinshi.Kurugero, Ubushinwa bukora ibikoresho bya elegitoroniki SJ / T 11223-2000 "Umuringa wambaye umuringa wambaye aluminium wire" kugirango ukoreshe kudahwanye no gukoresha ASTM B566-1993 "umuringa wambaye umuringa wambaye aluminium wire", ugaragaza imikorere yuburyo bukenewe kubakozi ba aluminiyumu bambaye umuringa. ibikoresho by'amashanyarazi hamwe n'insinga.Byongeye kandi, Intara ya Liaoning yasohoye amahame y’ibanze guhera mu 2008: DB21 / T 1622-2008 J11218-2008 “Umuringa wambaye umuringa wa aluminiyumu hamwe n’ibikoresho bya tekiniki bya tekinike” (byanditswe n'Ikigo gishinzwe Ubushakashatsi n'Ubushakashatsi muri kaminuza y'Amajyaruguru y'Uburasirazuba).Amaherezo, mu 2009, Akarere kigenga ka Sinayi kasohoye ibipimo byaho: DB65 / T 3032-2009 “Rated voltage 450 / 750V Yumuringa wambaye umuringa wuzuye aluminiyumu yibikoresho bya PVC insulaire” na DB65 / T 3033-2009 “Umuvuduko wa voltage 0,6 / 1kV no munsi y'umuringa -kwambika aluminiyumu yibanze yibanze yakuye insinga z'amashanyarazi ”.
Muri make, uruganda rukora insinga nini rutanga ibikoresho - inganda zumuringa zikomeje kwakira ibibazo biturutse imbere no hanze.Ku ruhande rumwe, kubura umutungo w’umuringa mu gihugu, ku rundi ruhande, inganda zikoresha insinga “aluminium izigama umuringa” zihora zihutisha ubushakashatsi n’iterambere, bityo, inganda zitunganya umuringa zizajya he, ariko nanone zigomba hamwe mugerageze isoko yo hejuru no kumanuka kumasoko.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Gashyantare-28-2024